For example, an unlimited number of people can qualify for H2-A visas, intended for seasonal agricultural workers. Yet of the millions of undocumented field workers in the U. So few are issued because the vast majority of the millions of non-immigrant workers in that category can find work without the hassle of proper documentation. Once the Immigration Reform and Control Act of became law, Kowalski explains, thousands of employers realized there was no category for their employees.
More likely it was cheaper to continue with an illegal work force. University of Virginia economist Peter Rodriguez agrees, "We haven't had a full guest worker program of any kind. Instead we have an ad hoc system that manages job pressures. Of all the failing worker-visa programs H1-B is the one that works best, although it's still rife with problems. There is a cap of 65, new visas a year for skilled workers under the H1-B program, but exemptions and renewals up the true number to about , From an economic perspective, the patch work of visas doesn't allow workers to be allocated to places where they're most needed, said Rodriguez.
Going to Congress is the only place for employers to ask for adjustments to the job categories covered by visas. In , an obscure bill was passed that was tweaked specifically to allow accounting firms to transfer workers from abroad into the U. Kowalski struggled to understand the reasoning behind such a specific change in law. He tracked down its legislative history and learned that when a big accounting firm needed to get some managers from Canada into the U.
The volatile nature of the mid-term elections makes the prospects of comprehensive immigration reform, including a provision for guest workers, hard to predict. The idea was to give U. President George W. Bush made the same proposal in President Donald Trump has said that he wants to limit foreign workers.
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A work visa permits the cardholder to work for a limited period in a certain industry. For example, an H-2A visa is for seasonal or temporary agricultural work.
An H-2B visa is for seasonal non-agricultural work, such as the tourism industry. Other visas are for workers from specific areas of the globe, such as an E3 visa for citizens of Australia. The federal Immigration and Nationality Act provides a minimum of , employment-based visas each year, both for immigrants and non-immigrants. Of these, the government has allotted 66, of them to the H-2B seasonal program.
In , President George W. Bush officially proposed expanding the number of guest workers to include people already living in the United States without a visa.
But Congress passed a bill that Obama signed in that included a way to work around the 66, annual cap on H-2B visas. The bill allowed foreign workers who re-apply for the visa within three years of first receiving the visa not to count toward the annual cap.
This expanded the use of H-2B guest workers in the seafood industry, landscaping, housekeeping, and other fields of work. Critics of expanding guest-worker programs believe they simply do not work. They cite the Bracero program, a previous guest-worker program, as proof. Many had been sent overseas to fight in the military or worked in factories to make war materials, like ammunition, ships, and airplanes. The program was specifically directed at rural workers from Mexico, many of them experienced farm workers.
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